In the illustration, White checkmates by forcing the Black king to the edge, one row at a time.
The process is to put the two pieces on adjacent ranks or files and force the king to the side of the board by using one piece to check the king and the other to cut it off from going up the board. Two major pieces ( queens or rooks) can easily force checkmate on the edge of the board using a technique known as the ladder checkmate.
In Medieval times, players began to consider it nobler to win by checkmate, so annihilation became a half-win for a while, until it was abandoned. This style of play is now called annihilation or robado. īefore about 1600, the game could also be won by capturing all of the opponent's pieces, leaving just a bare king. As a result, the king could not be captured, and checkmate was the only decisive way of ending a game. Later, the Persians added the additional rule that a king could not be moved into check or left in check. This was done to avoid the early and accidental end of a game. 700–800) introduced the idea of warning that the king was under attack (announcing check in modern terminology). 500–700), the king could be captured and this ended the game.
In modern parlance, the term checkmate is a metaphor for an irrefutable and strategic victory. This interpretation is much closer to the original intent of the game being not to kill a king but to leave him with no viable response other than surrender, which better matches the origin story detailed in the Shahnameh. A king being in mate (shah-mat) then means a king is unable to respond, which would correspond to there being no response that a player's king can make to the opponent's final move. So a possible alternative would be to interpret mate as "unable to respond". The words "stupefied" or "stunned" bear close correlation. In modern Persian, the word mate depicts a person who is frozen, open-mouthed, staring, confused and unresponsive. So the king is in mate when he is ambushed, at a loss, helpless, defeated, or abandoned to his fate. "Māt" ( مات) is a Persian adjective for "at a loss", "helpless", or "defeated". Players would announce "Shāh" when the king was in check. "Shāh" ( شاه) is the Persian word for the monarch. It means "remained" in the sense of "abandoned" and the formal translation is "surprised", in the military sense of "ambushed". It comes from a Persian verb mandan ( ماندن), meaning "to remain", which is cognate with the Latin word maneō and the Greek menō ( μένω, which means "I remain").
Moghadam traced the etymology of the word mate. Others maintain that it means "the King is dead", as chess reached Europe via the Arab world, and Arabic māta ( مَاتَ) means "died" or "is dead". Persian "māt" applies to the king but in Sanskrit "māta", also pronounced "māt", applied to his kingdom "traversed, measured across, and meted out" thoroughly by his opponent "māta" is the past participle of "mā" verbal root. The term checkmate is, according to the Barnhart Etymological Dictionary, an alteration of the Persian phrase "shāh māt" ( شاه مات) which means "the King is helpless".
Chess quickest checkmate moves free#
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